About Projector :)

Graphics tablet -> an input device

Word Processing

                 WORD PROCESSING

• What is word processing used for ?

Word processing is used for the creation of text documents. It has replaced the eletric type writer in most offices, because of the ease in which documents can be edited, searched and reprinted.
Example : Microsoft Word , WordPerfect etc.

• Function of a word processor :

Text Editing : text can be changed by delting it, typing it or by inserting additional text within it.

Word Wrap and Centering : words that extend beyond the right margin are wrapped around to the next line. Text can be centred between left and right margins

Layout setting : margins, tabs, line spacing, indents , font changes , underlining, boldface and italics can be set and reset anywhere within document.

Headers, Footers and Page numbering : headers and footers are common text printed on the top and bottom of every page were page numbering can be set and reset anywhere within document. It can be roman numerals or alphabetic letters.

Style sheets : a set of formatting characteristics that you can apply to texts, and lists in your document to change their apperance. When you apply a style , you apply whole gorup of formats in one simple task .

Example : instead of taking three separte steps to format a title 16pt, Arial and center-aligned you can do so in one simply step by applying Title style. Other style include Heading 1 and Heading 2. 
You can create, view and apply styles from the STYLES AND FORMATING task pane.

Cliparts and pictures : Graphics can be merged into the text and either displayed on screen with the text or in a preview mode before printing. This can be rezized (scaled) , rotated and archored so that it reamins with a particular segment of text. Rules and Borders can also be created within text.

Preview, Print and Group Print :
A document can be preview before printing to show any layout change not normally shown on screen (page breaks, headers, footers etc.). Documents can be printed either individually or as a group with page numbers which is numbered from the first to the last document.

Spelling Checker and Thesaurus : spelling for an individual word, marked block of text or an entire document can be checked. Advance systems can correct the misspellings automatically the next time. A thesaurus displays synonyms for the word at the current cursor location.

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Advanced Functions :

Colums are mainly used in newspapers and magazines. Column capability wraps words to the next line within each column. Magazine-style coloumns flow words from the bottom of one coloumn to the top of the next.







                                                                    


    MAIL MERGE :
  Mail Merge is used to create personalized letters by combining together a form letter and a list of data (that may include names, adress etc, ) This list can be created as a document or can be imported from popular database formats.

Mail merge task pane is used to create from letters, mailing labels or envelopes. To complete the basic process, you have to :

1. Open or create a main document
2. Open or create a data source with individual recipient information.
3. Add or customize merge fields in the main document.
4. Merge data from the data source into the main document to create a new, merged document 

Note : the task pane guides you trough all of these steps. At the end results in each row in the data produces an individual from letter , mailing label, envelope or direcotry item.  

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Table Of Contents :

A table of contents is a list of the headings in a doucment. You can use a table of contents to get an overview of the topics discussed in a document. The easiest way to create a table of contents is to use the built-in styles. If you are already using built-in heading styles, follow these steps.

1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents.
2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference and click Index and Tables.
3. Click the Table of Contents tab.
4. To use one of the available design in the Formats box.
5. Select any other table of contents options you want.
6. Select any other table of contents options you want.

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 Indexes.
An Index lists the terms and topics discussed in a document, along with the pages they appear on.

1. To create an Index, you mark the Index entries in your document and then build the index.
2. Once you mark an index entry, Microsoft Words add  a special mark (index entry) to your document
3. After you've marked all the index entrie, choose and index design and build the finished index.
4. Word then collects the index entries nad sort them alphabetically, refernces their page numbers, finds and remorves duplicate entries from the same page, and displays the index the document.

HOW TO CREATE AN INDEX :

1.  Use an existing text as an index entry, select the text. To enter your own text as an index entry, click where you want to insert the index entry
2. Press ALT + SHIFT + X
3. Click where you want to insert finished index .
4. On the insert menu, point to Reference, click INDEX AND TABLES and then clock the INDEX tab.

NOTE : It's important that bothe table of contents and index are updated automaticaly. You don't have to re-create them in case any changes are done but just click on them on pres F9 for an automatic update.

Computer Logic Chapter 2

                    

COMPUTER LOGIC CHAPTER 2

·         2-STATE DEVICES ( BISTABLE DEVICES)

A two-state device is like a switch on a wall, it can be in only one of two possible states at any given time eg. it may be either ON or OFF

Another example is a light bulb wich it may be either :

 

 illuminated bulb [ switched on]      Not illuminated bulb [ switched off ]

 

— What are computer made of ?

Computer systems are not built from light switches, but they have been built using a wide range of devices. Today the elementary building block for all modern computer systems is the TRANSISTOR [ is much like the light switch ,it can be in a OFF state which doesn’t allow electricity to flow or a ON state which let electricity to flow fleerly. The switching of a transistor is done electronically rather than mechanically. This allow it to be fast as well as extremely small.

 

— What’s binary ?

Computer people, however, do not like talking about the prescence or absence of electrical charges. They prefer to represent this using binary.

NOTE : binary is a number system. Its is the ideal number system to represent two-states because it was only two digits 0 and 1. It is important to notice that the number system we use in everyday life called the decimal number system, ten digits is used : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .

Binary then with it's 0s and 1s, is very convenient method of represending the two internal states of a computer's electronic components eg. +5 volts can be represented by binary 1 and the abcene of charge (zera volts) by binary 0.

Definition: A bit (binary digit) is a single digit from a binary number. It is eight a 0 or a 1.

— Using Many Bits :

The more bits we use to represent an item of data, the more different values we can represent. As an example, we will consider 3 bulbs, and write down the different combinations in which they can be, using 1 to represent a bulb which is ON on O to represent a blub which is OFF.

 

Bulb 3                  Bulb 2                     Bulb 1

0                           0                              0

0                           0                              1

0                           1                              0

0                           1                              1

1                           0                              0

1                           0                              1

1                           1                              0

1                           0                              1

Every 4 ^            Every 2 ^                   Every 1 ^

 

NOTE : with 3 bits you can have 8 different values

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BULB 4	BULB 3	BULB 2	BULB 1
0	0	0	0
0	0	0	1
0	0	1	0
0	0	1	1
0	1	0	0
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	0
0	1	1	1
1	0	0	0
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	0
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	0
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	0
1	1	1	1

 

           


                                      

                                   





                                   





















                                       Bulb 4 = every 8 = 2⁴=16

                                       Bulb 3 = every 4 = 2³= 8

                                      Bulb 2 = every 2 = 2²⁼  4

                                      Bulb 1 = every 1 = 2¹= 2  

NUMBER OF BITS	DIFFERENT VALUES
1	21= 2
2	22=4
3	23=8
4	24=16
5	25=32
6	26=64
7	27=128
n	2n

               Note : in general we can represent 2ⁿ for different values

Rangers :

— With 1 bit we can only represent 2 numbers : 0,1

— With 2 bits we can represent 4 numbers. Hence starting from 0, the largest number that can be represented is 3. Hence the range of decimal numbers that can be represented is 0…3

2nd  bit	1st  bit	Representation decimal
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	2
1	1	3

— With 3 bits we can represent 8 numbers. Hence the range of decimal numbers that can be represented is 0…7

Formula : 2ⁿ-1. Hence the range of decimal numbers that can be represented is 0…2ⁿ…1

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Here are the basics binary coveration binary to decimal. Hope you enjoy :)

 

 

— Number conversions

Number in decimal are said to be base 10 whilst numbers in binary are said to be base 2. In our decimal number system, every digit has a place value in a power of 10.

103	102	101	100
Thousand	Hundred	Tens	Units
8	4	2	5

 

NOTE: in the binary number system, every bit has a different value always multiplied by 2 as the bits increment.

Example : 1101011₂

26	25	24	23	22	21	20
64	32	16	8	4	2	1
1	1	0	1	0	1	1

 

— The bit with the smallest value: Least Significant Bit (LSB)

— The bit with the largest value : Most Significant Bits (MSB)

— A hexadecimal number is a short way of writing a binary number. Hexadecimal numbers system are said to be base 16 because it has 16 digits : 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10-A ,11-B , 12-C ,13-D , 14-E , 15-F , 16-G a binary number can be directly transferred to hexadecimal numbers by grouping the bits in packets of four, starting from the LSB , then each packet is given the weights 1,2,4,8 etc. to convert it into hex digit.

— Representation of Characters

Besides numbers , characters are also used in everyday life to express information. This means that characters also have to be represented in binary using a unique binary code. This is called the character code

If 8 bits is used to store a character, 256 characters can be stored (2⁸=256)

— ASCII:

American Standard Code for Information Interchange is an 8-bit code used to represent characters in binary.

Eg. The character A would be represented as 0100001₂ (65₁₀)

— Units of storage:

In order to represent numbers, letters and special characters, bits are combined into groups of 8 bits called bytes. Each byte typically represents one character- in many computers, one addressable storage location.

Unicode:

— While the ASCII system is widely accepted and used in computer industry, it has a number of major limitations.  

— Unicode by using 16 bits to represent each character. These 16 bit binary allow 2¹⁶ different combinations to be represented which can add up to 65,536 different characters.

Binary Notations  

— A BIT can be either 0 or 1

— A Byte is made up of 8 bits

— 1 KILOBYTE = 1024 bytes  1000 bytes

— 1 MEGABYTE is 1024 kilobytes  1000 x 1000 x 1000 bytes

— 1 GIGABYTE  is 1024 megabytes 1000 x 1000 x 1000 bytes

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sorry its a bit long but its a really important chapter so i hope it helped you :)